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In the realm of optical imaging systems, the accurate assessment of an instrument's resolving power is paramount. To meet this need, the United States Air Force (USAF) devised a pioneering tool in 1951 under the MIL-STD-150A standard: the 1951 USAF Resolution Test Chart. This microscopic optical resolution test device has since become a ubiquitous benchmark for evaluating the clarity and detail-capturing abilities of various imaging systems.

In the realm of precision optical metrology, Computer-Generated Holograms (CGH) have emerged as powerful tools for testing and measuring complex optical surfaces. Among these, CGH Cylinder Nulls have gained significant attention for their ability to accurately evaluate cylindrical surfaces. This article explores the principles, design, and applications of CGH Cylinder Nulls, emphasizing their role in advancing optical testing capabilities.

Computer-Generated Holograms (CGH) have revolutionized the field of optical testing, particularly in the measurement of aspheric surfaces. Among the various CGH techniques, CGH null correctors play a crucial role in ensuring high accuracy and reliability. This article delves into the principles, design considerations, and applications of CGH null correctors, emphasizing their significance in precision optical testing.

Photomasks, also known simply as masks, are vital tools in the production of integrated circuits (ICs) or "chips." These opaque plates with transparent areas that allow light to shine through in a defined pattern play a crucial role in the photolithography process, which is one of the key steps in semiconductor manufacturing. In this article, we will explore how photomasks are used in the production of ICs.

In the world of semiconductor manufacturing, photomasks and reticles play crucial roles in the production of integrated circuits (ICs). While these terms are often used interchangeably, they actually refer to distinct components with specific functions. Understanding the difference between a photomask and a reticle is essential for anyone involved in the microelectronics industry.

Computer-Generated Holograms (CGHs) have revolutionized the field of holography by enabling the digital creation and display of three-dimensional images without the need for traditional holographic recording materials. These holograms leverage computational algorithms to simulate the interference patterns that would be created by a real object, allowing for the generation of holographic imagery that can be displayed using a variety of techniques. In this article, we will explore the basic steps involved in creating a computer-generated hologram, with a focus on Fourier-based holograms, which represent an important class of CGHs.